Paleobiota of Monte Bolca

The Eocene-aged Monte Bolca fossil site near Verona, Italy was one of the first lagerstatte to be discovered to science, and still has one of the most prominent vertebrate faunas of all Cenozoic lagerstatte. It has the highest fish diversity of all known Cenozoic fossil sites, with many fossils having extremely detailed preservation. In addition, a very high diversity of marine invertebrates & land plants and a small number of land vertebrates are also known.

The Monte Bolca complex comprises two major marine limestone localities, the Pesciara (where fossils are found in caves) and the Monte Postale site (where fossils are directly quarried). The Pesciara is thought to represent a marine structural basin dominated by planktivorous fish, with an anoxic environment at the bottom that led to excellent preservation of fossils. Meanwhile, the Monte Postale site is thought to represent a turbid coastal area surrounded by mangroves, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs, with poorer fossil preservation.[1] In addition, a few small, slightly younger lignitic sites that preserve a Messel Formation-esque freshwater or brackish habitat are known nearby, which are the Purga di Bolca and Vegroni sites. These sites preserve terrestrial reptiles, freshwater plants, and freshwater/terrestrial mollusks, which are otherwise rare to absent from the complex.[2]

Cartilaginous fishes

Based on Marrama et al, 2021:[3]

Chimaeras

Chimaeras reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Ischyodus I. sp. Monte Postale A relative of plough-nosed chimaeras, known from a single dorsal spine.
I. quenstedti, a related species

Sharks

Sharks reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Brachycarcharias B. lerichei Pesciara A sand shark.
Eogaleus E. bolcensis Pesciara & Monte Postale A requiem shark.
Galeorhinus G. cuvieri Pesciara & Monte Postale A relative of the school shark.

An alleged specimen from Bolca of the otherwise Cretaceous shark Mesiteia emiliae has been found to actually originate from the Sannine Formation of Lebanon.[3]

Rays

Chondrichthyans reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Arechia A. crassicaudata Monte Postale A stingaree.
Dasyomyliobatis D. thomyorkei Pesciara A dasyomyliobatid stingray.[4]
Eoplatyrhina E. bolcensis Monte Postale A thornback ray.
Eorhinobatos E. primaevus Pesciara A guitarfish.
Lessiniabatis L. aenigmatica Pesciara A bizarre stingray of uncertain affinities.
Plesiozanobatus P. egertoni Pesciara A relative of panrays.
Promyliobatis P. gazolai Pesciara A potential eagle ray.
Pseudorhinobatos P. dezignii Monte Postale A guitarfish.
Tethytrygon T. muricatus Pesciara A whiptail stingray.
Titanonarke T. megapterygia Monte Postale An electric ray.
T. molini

Ray-finned fishes

Primarily based on Papazzoni et al. 2014, with more recent taxa also added.[5] Taxonomic order and arrangement based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes (2025):[6]

Pycnodontiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Abdobalistum A. thyrsus A nursalliine pycnodont.
Nursallia N. veronae A nursalliine pycnodont.
Palaeobalistum P. orbiculatum A nursalliine pycnodont.
P. goedeli, a related species
Pycnodus P. apodus A pycnodontine pycnodont.

Crossognathiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Platinx P. macropterus A pachyrhizodontid, the last crossognathiform.

Osteoglossiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Foreyichthys F. bolcensis A bonytongue.
Monopteros M. gigas A bonytongue.
Thrissopterus T. catullii A bonytongue, related to the arapaima.

Anguilliformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anguilloides A. branchiostegalis An angulloidid eel.
Bolcanguilla B. brachycephala An eel of uncertain affinities
Bolcyrus B. bajai A conger eel.
B. formosissimus
Dalpiazella D. brevicauda A paranguillid eel.
Eoanguilla E. leptoptera An anguillid eel.
Gazolapodus G. homopterus An eel of uncertain affinities.
Goslinophis G. acuticaudus A snake-eel.
Milananguilla M. lehmani A milanguillid eel.
Paracongroides P. heckeli A conger eel.
Paranguilla P. tigrina A paranguillid eel.
Patavichthys P. bolcensis A patavichthyid eel.
Proteomyrus P. ventralis A proteomyrid eel.
Voltaconger V. latispinus A conger eel.
Whitapodus W. breviculus A false moray.

Clupeiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcaichthys B. catopygopterus Pesciara & Monte Postale A true herring. The most common fish of the formation.[7]
Eoalosa E. janvieri Pesciara A shad.[8]
Eoengraulis E. fasoloi Pesciara An anchovy.[9]
Trollichthys T. bolcensis Pesciara A round herring.[10]

Ellimmichthyiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoellimmichthys E. superstes Pesciara A paraclupeid, the last marine ellimmichthyiform.[11]

Gonorynchiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Chanos C. forcipatus A milkfish.[12]
C. chanos, a related species
Coelogaster C. leptostea A relative of the milkfish.

Otophysi

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Chanoides C. macropoma A stem-otophysan.[13]

Aulopiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Holosteus H. esocinus A barracudina.

Lampriformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Veronavelifer V. sorbinii A sailfin velifer.
Wettonius W. angeloi A sailfin velifer. (=Velifer carosii)

Zeiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bajaichthys B. elegans A zeiform (initially considered a lamprimorph)

Holocentriformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Berybolcensis B. leptacanthus A basal holocentrid.
Eoholocentrum E. macrocephalum A soldierfish.
Tenuicentrum T. lanceolatum A basal holocentrid.

Ophidiiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Ophidium" "O." voltianum A cusk-eel.

Gobiiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Apogoniscus A. pauciradiatus A cardinalfish.
Bolcapogon B. johnsoni A cardinalfish.
Carlomonnius C. quasigobius A gobioid of uncertain affinities.[14]
Eoapogon E. fraseri A cardinalfish.
Eosphaeramia E. pygopterus A cardinalfish.
Leptolumamia L. vetula Monte Postale A cardinalfish.[15]

Blenniiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Chiarachromis C. salazzarii A damselfish.[16]
Lorenzichthys L. olihan A damselfish.
Palaeopomacentrus P. orphae A damselfish.
Sorbinichromis S. francescoi A damselfish.

Atheriniformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Atherina" "A." macrocephala An Old World silverside.
Latellagnathus L. teruzzii A mesogasterid.
Mesogaster M. sphyraenoides A mesogasterid.
Rhamphognathus R. paralepoides A rhamphognathid.

Beloniformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
“Engraulis” E. evolans A flying fish.
Hemiramphus H. edwardsi A halfbeak.
Rhamphexocoetus R. volans A flying fish.

Carangiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Amphistium A. paradoxum Pesciara An amphistiid flatfish.
Blochius B. longirostris A blochiid billfish.
B. macropterus
Ceratoichthys C. pinnatiformis A bizarre carangid.
Ductor D. vesternae A ductorid.
Eastmanalepes E. primaevus A carangid.
Eobothus E. minutus Pesciara A flatfish of uncertain affinities.
Eolates E. gracilis A lates perch.
Heteronectes H. chaneti Monte Postale A potentially amphistiid flatfish.
Lichia L. veronensis A relative of the leerfish.
Mene M. oblonga A moonfish.
M. rhombea
Palaeorhynchus P. zorzini A palaeorhynchid billfish.
Paratrachinotus P. tenuiceps A carangid.
Seriola S. prisca A relative of amberjacks.
Sphyraena S. bolcensis A barracuda.
Trachicaranx T. pleuronectiformis A carangid.
Vomeropsis V. triurus A carangid.

Syngnathiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Aeoliscoides A. longirostris A shrimpfish.
Aulorhamphus A. bolcensis An aulorhamphid.
A. capellinii
A. chiarasorbiniae
Aulostomoides A. tyleri An indeterminate aulostomoid.
Calamostoma C. breviculum A relative of the ghost pipefish.
Eoaulostomus E. bolcensis A relative of the trumpetfish.
E. gracilis
Fistularioides F. phyllolepis A fistularioidid.
F. veronensis
Gilmourella G. minuta Pesciara A callonymoid.
Jungersenichthys J. elongatus A relative of the trumpetfish.
Macraulostomus M. veronensis A relative of the trumpetfish.
Paraeoliscus P. robinetae A paraeoliscid.
Paramphisile P. weleri A shrimpfish.
Parasynarcualis P. longirostris A parasynarcualid.
Pesciarhamphus P. carnevalei An aulorhamphid.
Prosolenostomus P. lessinii A pipefish.
Pseudosyngnathus P. opisthopterus A fistularioidid.
Pterygocephalus P. paradoxus A relative of the flying gurnards.
Rhamphosus R. biserratus Pesciara A rhamphosid.[17]
R. bloti
R. brevirostris
R. longispinatus
R. rastrum
R. tubulirostris
Solenorhynchus S. elegans A relative of the ghost pipefish.
"Syngnathus" "S." bolcensis A pipefish.
"S." heckeli
Synhypuralis S. banisteri A relative of the trumpetfish.
S. jungerseni
Tyleria T. necopinata A relative of the trumpetfish.
Urosphen U. dubius A urosphenid.
Veronarhamphus V. canossae An aulorhamphid.

Scombriformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Auxides A. propterygius A scombrid.
Carangopsis C. brevis A relative of bluefish.
C. dorsalis
Godsilia G. lanceolata A scombrid.
Pseudauxides P. speciosus A scombrid.
]
Thunnoscomberoides T. bolcensis A scombrid.
Veronaphleges V. brunae A euzaphlegid.
]
Zorzinia Z. postalensis Monte Postale A medusafish.

Labriformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bellwoodilabrus B. landinii A wrasse.
Eocoris E. bloti A wrasse.
"Labrus" "L." merula (="L." valenciennesi)[18] A labroid of uncertain affinities.
Labrobolcus L. giorgioi Pesciara A wrasse.
Paralabrus P. rossiae Pesciara A presumed wrasse.
Phyllopharyngodon P. longipinnis A wrasse related to hogfish and tuskfishes.[18]
Sorbinia S. caudopunctata A labroid of uncertain affinities.
Zorzinilabrus Z. furcatus Pesciara A wrasse.

Perciformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Scorpaenoidei indet. Monte Postale A scorpionfish of uncertain affinities.[19]

Acropomatiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acropoma A. lepidotum A lanternbelly.

Acanthuriformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Abromasta A. microdon A seabream.
Acanthonemus A. subaureus An acanthonemid.
Acanthopygaeus A. agassizi A relative of rabbitfish.
Aspesiganus A. margaritae A relative of rabbitfish.
Aspesiperca A. ruffoi Possibly a mojarra.
Acanthuroides A. massalongoi A surgeonfish.
Angiolinia A. mirabilis Pesciara A zanclid.
Archaephippus A. asper A spadefish.
"Dentex" "D." microdon A seabream, "D." ventralis is a nomen dubium.
"D." ventralis
Ellaserrata E. monksi A seabream.
Eoantigonia E. veronensis A boarfish.
Eoplatax E. papilio A spadefish.
Eoleiognathus E. dorsalis A ponyfish.
Eorandallius E. elegans A surgeonfish.
E. rectifrons
Eoscatophagus E. frontalis A scat.
Eozanclus E. brevirostris A zanclid.
Frigosorbinia F. baldwinae A surgeonfish.
Gazolaichthys G. vestenanovae A surgeonfish.
Goujetia G. crassispina A snapper.
Lehmanichthys L. lessiniensis A surgeonfish.
Lessinia L. horrenda A snapper.
L. sp.
Massalongius M. gazolai A massalongiid.
Metacanthurus M. veronensis A surgeonfish.
Metaspisurus M. emmanueli A surgeonfish.
Ottaviania O. leptacanthus A snapper.
O. mariae
Padovathurus P. gaudryi A surgeonfish.
Pesciarichthys P. punctatus A surgeonfish.
Proacanthurus P. bonatoi A surgeonfish.
P. elongatus
P. ovalis
P. tenuis
Pristigenys P. substriatus A bigeye.
Protozebrasoma P. bloti A surgeonfish.
Pseudosparnodus P. microstomus A seabream.
Psettopsis P. subarcuatus A moonyfish.
Ruffoichthys R. bannikovi A relative of rabbitfish.
R. spinosus
Sorbinithurus S. sorbinii A surgeonfish.
Sparnodus S. elongatus A seabream.
S. vulgaris
Tauichthys T. aspesae A surgeonfish.
T. padremenini
Tylerichthys T. milani A surgeonfish.
T. nuchalis
Veranichthys V. ventralis A snapper.
Zaiaichthys Z. postalensis A moonyfish.[20]
Z. wattersi

Lophiiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Caruso C. brachysomus A goosefish.
Eophryne E. barbutii A frogfish.
Histionotophorus H. bassanii A handfish.
Neilpeartia N. ceratoi Pesciara A frogfish.[21]
Orrichthys O. longimanus A handfish.
Sharfia S. mirabilis A goosefish.
Tarkus T. squirei A batfish.

Tetraodontiformes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcabalistes B. varii A bolcabalistid.
Eolactoria E. sorbinii A boxfish.
Eoplectus E. bloti An eoplectid.
Eotetraodon E. pygmaeus A pufferfish.
E. tavernei
Heptadiodon H. echinus A porcupinefish.
Proaracana P. dubia A deepwater boxfish.
Prodiodon P. erinaceus A porcupinefish.
P. tenuispinus
Protacanthodes P. nimesensis A triplespine.
P. ombonii
Protobalistum P. imperiale A protobalistid.
Spinacanthus S. cuneiformis A protobalistid.
Zignoichthys Z. oblongus A zignoichthyid.
Zignodon Z. fornasieroae A porcupinefish.

Percomorpha incertae sedis

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acronuroides A. eocaenicus Pesciara An indeterminate percomorph.
Anorevus A. lorenzonii Pesciara Possibly a stem-flatfish.[22]
Bassanichthys B. pesciaraensis Pesciara An eocottid.
Blotichthys B. coleanus A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Bolcaperca B. craccorum A percomorph of uncertain affinities.[20]
Bradyurus B. alessandroi A percomorph of uncertain affinities.[23]
B. szainochae
Callipteryx C. speciosus A callipterygid.[24]
Carangodes C. bicornis A carangodid.
Cyclopoma C. gigas Either a temperate perch or a relative of snooks.
Dibango D. volans Pesciara A bizarre indeterminate percomorph, previously considered a species of Pegasus or a taeniosome lampriform.[25]
Eocottus E. veronensis An eocottid.
Exellia E. velifer An exellid.
Frigoichthys F. margaritae A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Frippia F. labriformis A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Gillidia G. antiqua A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Guus G. microcephalus Pesciara A tortonesid (formerly considered a gobioid).
Hendrixella H. grandei A robertanniid.
Jimtylerius J. temnopterus A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Latellopsis L. latellai A perciform of uncertain affinities.[26]
Malacopygaeus M. oblongus A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Montepostalia M. annamariae Monte Postale A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Nickcaves N. pterygocephalus Monte Postale A pietschellid.[27]
Parapelates P. quindecimalis A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Parapygaeus P. polyacanthus An indeterminate percomorph.
Pavarottia P. astescalpone Monte Postale A pavarottiid.[23]
P. lonardonii Monte Postale
P. maiseyi Pesciara
Pietschellus P. aenigmaticus Monte Postale A pietschellid.[27]
Pygaeus P. bolcanus A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
P. nobilis
P. nuchalis
Quasicichla Q. mucistonaver An indeterminate percomorph.
Quasinectes Q. durello Monte Postale Possibly a stem-flatfish.
Quasimullus Q. sorbinii A quasimullid.
Robertannia R. sorbiniorum A robertanniid.
Sorbinicapros S. sorbiniorum A sorbinipercid.
Sorbiniperca S. scheuchzeri A sorbinipercid.
Squamibolcoides S. minciottii A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Stefanichthys S. mariannae A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Tortonesia T. esilis A tortonesid.
Veronabrax V. schizurus A percomorph of uncertain affinities.
Zorzinichthys Z. annae A zorzinichthyid.

Acanthomorpha incertae sedis

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Oncolepis O. isseli An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities, possibly a goby.[28]
Protoaulopsis P. bolcensis An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.
Xiphopterus X. falcatus An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities.

Reptiles

Based on Seghetti et al, 2022:[29]

Crocodilia

Crocodilians reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Asiatosuchus A. cf. depressifrons Purga di Bolca A crocodyloid, previously classified under "Crocodylus vicetinus"
Boverisuchus B. sp. A planocraniid, previously classified under "C. bolcensis"
Hassiacosuchus H. cf. haupti An alligatorid, previously classified under "C. vicetinus"

A record of "C. cf. vicetinus" that is now assigned to Diplocynodon is thought to actually originate from the Oligocene-aged Monteviale site, as opposed to Bolca.[29]

Testudines

Turtles reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Neochelys N. capellinii Purga di Bolca A podocnemidid turtle.
N. franzeni, a related species
"Trionyx" "T". capellinii A softshell turtle.

Squamata

Squamates reported from Monte Bolca
Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anomalophis A. bolcensis Pesciara An anomalophiid snake.
Archaeophis A. proavus A palaeophiid snake.
"Coluber" "C." ombonii Purga di Bolca A snake of uncertain affinities.

Brachiopoda

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Terebratula” "T." fumanensis Pesciara A terebratulid.[30]

Mollusca

[30]

Bivalvia

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Anomia A. sp.
Arcopagia A. erycinoides Monte Postale
Crassostrea C. sparnacensis Monte Postale
Divalinga D. sp Monte Postale
Fimbria F. lamellosa Monte Postale
F. major
Granocardium G. sp. Monte Postale
Katelysia K. texta Monte Postale
Lima L. cf. papillifera
Meiocardia M. carinata Monte Postale
Modiola M. postalensis Monte Postale
Monitilora M. elegans
Orthocardium O. gratum Monte Postale
Pitar P. lunularia Monte Postale
P. parisiensis
Pseudomiltha P. escheri Monte Postale
P. gigantea
Spondylus S. radula Monte Postale
Tellina T. biangularis Monte Postale
T. scalaroides
T. sp.
Venerella V. secunda Monte Postale

Gastropoda

Based on:[2][31]

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acteon A. subinflatus Monte Postale
Ampullina A. hybrida Monte Postale
A. vulcani
Archicypraea A. lioyi Monte Postale
Architectonica A. bistriata Monte Postale
Bellatara B. palaeochroma Monte Postale
Bezanconia B. pyrenaica Monte Postale
Calliostoma C. raffaelei Monte Postale
C. mayeri
Campanile C. vicetinum Monte Postale
Cassis C. postalensis Monte Postale
Cepatia C. cepacea Monte Postale
Cerithium C. chaperi Monte Postale
C. fabani
Clanculus C. zignoi Monte Postale
Clavilithes C. rugosus Monte Postale
Cryptoconus C. priscus Monte Postale
Cypraedia C. elegans Monte Postale
C. interposita
Cypraeglobina C. praegnans Monte Postale
Dentellocaracolus D. damnatus Purga di Bolca A helicid land snail.[32]
Dialopsis D. incompleta
Digitolabrum D. princeps Monte Postale
“Drupa” "D." crossei Monte Postale
Hemiconus H. incomptus Monte Postale
Hippeutis H. muzzolonicus Purga di Bolca A freshwater ramshorn snail.[2][33]
Hipponix H. cornucopiae Monte Postale
Homalopoma H. minimum Monte Postale
Leptoconus L. deperditus Monte Postale
Leucodiscus L. helicinoides Monte Postale
Liocarenus L. hilarionis Monte Postale
Littoraria L. postalensis Monte Postale
Melanopsis M. vicetina Purga di Bolca An estuarine melanopsid snail.[2][34]
“Melongena” "M." robusta Monte Postale
Neritopsis N. agassizi Monte Postale
Pachycrommium P. circumfossa Monte Postale
"Patella" "P." boreani Monte Postale
Procyclotopsis P. obtusicosta Purga di Bolca A pomatiid land snail.[2][35][36]
Pseudamaura P. circunfossa Monte Postale
Pseudobellardia P. auriculata Monte Postale
P. gomphoceras
Pseudovertagus P. striatus Monte Postale
Ptychocerithium P. lamellosum Monte Postale
Pyrazopsis P. pentagonatus Monte Postale
Semiterebellum S. postalensis Monte Postale
Seraphs S. convolutum Monte Postale
Tenagodus T. sp Monte Postale
Tympanotonos T. tristriatus Monte Postale
Velates V. schmidelianus Monte Postale
Vermicularia V. biangulatus Monte Postale
Vicetia V. hantkeni Monte Postale
Voluta V. musicalis Monte Postale

Cephalopoda

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Aturia A. ziczac A nautiloid.
A related species.
Bolcaoctopus B. pesciaraensis Pesciara An octopodid octopus with preserved imprints (formerly referred to as "Teuthida" indet.).[37]
Spirulirostra S. georgii Pesciara A spirulid, known from a partial phragmocone.

Annelida

[30]

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eunicites E. affinis A eunicid bristleworm.
E. gazolae
E. pinnai
Hirudinea indet. A leech.
Siphonostomites S. hesionoides A bristleworm of uncertain affinities.

The genus Sthenelaites, formerly interpreted as a bristleworm, is now thought to represent a fossilized green algae in the Dasycladaceae.[30]

Arthropods

Arachnida

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Eoeuscorpius E. ceratoi Pesciara A scorpion, possibly a euscorpiid.[38]
Pseudoscorpiones indet. A possible pseudoscorpion.[38]

Crustacea

[30][39]

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Archaeocypoda A. veronensis Pesciara A dorippid crab.
Bolcacalliax B. eocaenica Pesciara A callianassid shrimp.
Enoplonotus E. armatus Pesciara A swimmer crab.
Eolinurus E. desmaresti Pesciara A spiny lobster.[40]
Eotrachynotocarcinus E. airaghii Pesciara A dromiacean crab.
Heterosphaeroma H. veronensis A sphaeromatid isopod.
Justitia J. confusa Pesciara A spiny lobster.[40]
J. sp. Monte Postale
Lessinoachela L. scaligera Pesciara An achelate crustacean of uncertain affinities.[40]
Lophopanopeus L. bolcensis Pesciara A mud crab.
Lophoranina L. maxima Pesciara & Monte Postale A frog crab.
Lysiosquilla L. antiqua A mantis shrimp.
?"Macropipus" "M." ovalipes Pesciara A crab of uncertain affinities.
Majoidea indet. Monte Postale A majoid crab.
Palaega P. acuticauda A cirolanid isopod.
?Parsacus ?P. cristatus Pesciara A slipper lobster.
Penaeus P. bolcensis Pesciara A penaeid prawn.
?P. obtusus
?Pseudobombur ?P. nummuliticus Pesciara A penaeid prawn.
Pseudosquilla P. lessinea A mantis shrimp.
Scyllarides S. bolcensis Monte Postale A slipper lobster.
Sphaeroma S. sp. A sphaeromatid isopod.

Insecta

[30][41]

Odonata

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bolcacordulia B. paradoxa Pesciara A bolcacorduliid dragonfly.[42]
Bolcathemis B. nervosa A palaeomacromiid dragonfly.[42][43]
Bolcathore B. colorata A bolcathorid damselfly.[42]

Orthoptera

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Pterotriamescaptor P. tridactylina Pesciara A mole cricket.

Hemiptera

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Halobates H. ruffoi Pesciara A sea skater, the earliest known from the fossil record.
H. matsumurai, a modern species

Diptera

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Bibio B. sereri Pesciara A march fly.
B. hortulanus, a modern species.
Dipterites D. angelinii A brachyceran fly.
Gnophomyia G. gentilinii A limoniid crane fly.
G. tristissima, a modern species
Gonomyia G. sp. A limoniid crane fly.
G. alexanderi, a modern species
Tipulidae indet. A tipulid crane fly.

Cnidaria

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Simplicibrachia S. bolcensis Pesciara A rhizostomid jellyfish.[30]

Fungi

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
"Deuteromycetes" indet. Vegroni A fungus on the leaf of Latanites.[2]
"Discomycetes" indet.
Pyrenomycetes indet.
Sphaerites S. eugeniophilus Pesciara-Monte Postale A fungus on the leaf of Eugeniae laurifoliae
Spilosphaerites S. priscus

Plantae

Based on Massalongo (1859), though many taxa are form taxa, highly dubious or nomina nuda, and/or use outdated taxonomy:[44][45]

Red algae

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Amansites A. prionomorphus Pesciara-Monte Postale A red alga, possibly a florideophycean.
Ceramites C. codioides A red alga, possibly a ceramiale.
C. floccosa
C. parasitica
C. pectinata
C. sciuroides
C. sphacelarioides
Chondrites C. dasyphyllus A red alga, possibly a florideophycean.
C. dichotomus
C. pollinianus
C. rytiphloeoides
C. tenuissimus
Delesserites D. bolcensis A red alga, possibly a florideophycean.
D. calophyllus
D. dimidiatus
D. heckelianus
D. pinnatus[45]
D. podocarpiphyllus
D. manganottii
D. sessilis
D. ovatus
Melobesites M. membranacea A red alga, possibly coralline alga.
Pterigophycos P. canossae A red algae, possibly a florideophycean, highly variable in leaf shape, indicating that there may not be multiple species.[46]
P. gazolanus
P. pinnatifidus
P. spectabilis
Sphaerococcites S. dendroides A red alga, possibly a florideophycean.
?S. fastigiatus

Green algae

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Aristophycos A. aghardianus Pesciara-Monte Postale An green alga.
Caulerpites C. araucaria An green alga.
Nemalionites N. cristatus An green alga.
N. limacoides

Pteridophytes

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Asplenites A. rhadamanti Vegroni A fern.
Cystorrhiza C. pillularioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A marsilacean fern.
Fortisia F. renieriana Vegroni A fern.

Gymnosperms

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Podocarpus P. affinis Pesciara-Monte Postale A podocarpacean conifer.
P. bolcensis
P. incisa
P. scolecophylla
P. surianoides
Taxodium T. jacarandaefolium A relative of the bald cypress.

Angiosperms

Monocots

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Albucastrum A. perianthioideum Pesciara-Monte Postale A liliacean.
Apludophyton A. cucubaloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass.
A. scleroides
Arundinites A. dracenophylla Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass.
Bromelianthus B. heuflerianus Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent bromeliad, but taxonomic assignment disputed.[47]
Castellinia C. ambigua Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm fruit.
C. compressa
C. elliptica
?C. incurva
C. macrocarpa
?C. subrotunda
Caulinites C. divaricatus Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass.
C. equisetimorphus
Crinanthus C. fenzlianus Pesciara-Monte Postale A liliacean.
Cyperites C. bolcensis Pesciara-Monte Postale A sedge.
C. eocenus
Geonomites G. saturnia Vegroni[2] A palm leaf.
Halochloris H. castelliniana Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass.
H. cymodoceoides
H. fluitans
H. meneghinii
H. stolonifera
H. striata
H. subsecunda
H. ungeri
H. veronensis
Latanites L. brocchiana Vegroni A palm, whole trees sometimes preserved.
L. galilejana Vegroni
L. parvula Pesciara-Monte Postale
L. pinnata Vegroni
L. praticinensis Vegroni & Purga di Bolca[2]
L. vegronum Vegroni
Musophyllum M. italicum Vegroni A potential banana relative.
Palaeorchis P. rhizoma Pesciara-Monte Postale An orchid.
Palaeospathe P. elliptica Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm fruit.
P. lata
Palmacites P. neocaenus Vegroni A palm.
Phoenicites P. danteana Vegroni A palm leaf.
P. veronensis
P. wettinioides
Poacites P. juncoides Pesciara-Monte Postale A grass.
Posidocea P. frickhingeri Pesciara-Monte Postale A posidoniacean seagrass. Taxonomy affinity uncertain, as floral structures differ from those of Posidonia.[48][49]
Protorchis P. monorchis Pesciara-Monte Postale An orchid.
Ruppia R. aristata Pesciara-Monte Postale A wigeongrass.
?Smilacites ?S. lancea Pesciara-Monte Postale A smilacean.
"Thecophyllum" T. flabellatum Pesciara-Monte Postale A palm.
Stratiotes (=Folliculites) S. kaltennordheimensis Purga di Bolca A water-soldier (formerly considered a potential casuarinacean)[50]
Typhaeloipum T. spadae Pesciara-Monte Postale A cattail relative.
Zannichelliopsis Z. repens Pesciara-Monte Postale A seagrass.

"Dicots"

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Acacia A. buellana Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential acacia.
A. eugenioides
A. primordialis
Ampelophyllum A. bolcense Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Vitaceae.
A. noeticum
A. voltianum
Anadenia A. italica Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent grevillea.
A. pighiana
Apocynophyllum A. bozzianum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Apocynaceae.
A. oligocaenum Vegroni
A. terminaliaefolium Pesciara-Monte Postale
Andromeda A. biloba Pesciara-Monte Postale A relative of the bog-rosemary.
A. cincinnati
A. latina
A. palaeogaea
A. santalina
A. stillingioides
A. tromodophylla
A. visianii
Aralia A. primaeva Pesciara-Monte Postale A spikenard.
Aralianthea A. brogniartii Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential spikenard.
A. laurina
A. zizioides
Banksia B. longifolia Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent banksia.
?Berberis ?B. prisca Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential barberry.
Bignonia B. boroniaefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A bignonia.
B. limoniaefolia
B. moringaefolia
Bubulcia B. alismantha Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Zygophyllaceae.
B. globifera
Bumelia B. buxioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A bully tree.
B. calceolarii
B. clusiaefolia
B. cuneifolia
Caesalpinia C. eocenica Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume.
Calligonopsis C. pallasioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A knotweed.
C. strumphsioides
Cassia C. enervis Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume.
Ceanothus C. cornifolius Pesciara-Monte Postale A ceanothus.
Celastrophyllum C. gaudinianum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Celastraceae.
C. oleaefolium
Celastrus C. nitrariaefolius Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential staff vine.
C. scandentifolius
Ceratophyllum C. cuspidatum Pesciara-Monte Postale A coontail.
Cinnamomum C. antiquum Pesciara-Monte Postale A cinnamon.
C. veronense
Coccolobites C. morindioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Polygonaceae.
Crataegus C. moscardianus Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential hawthorn.
Cucubalites ?C. flagellum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Caryophyllaceae.
C. postalensis
Dombeyopsis D. affinis Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential "Byttneriaceae".
D. bixaefolia
D. ceanothifolia
D. decipiens
D. deformis
D. glandulifera
D. granadilla
D. hibiscifolia
D. incerta
D. kleinhowiaefolia
D. populina
D. sublobata
D. tilioides
Drepanocarpus D. dacampii Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume.
D. nummus
Dryandra D. chironis Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent dryandra.
D. meneghinii
D. veronensis
Eucalyptus E. aconicophylla Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential eucalypt.
E. italica
E. rhododendrophylla
E. targue
Eugenia E. andiraefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A probable Myrtaceae.
E. dactylostemoides
E. laurifolia
Euonymus E. maytenopsis Vegroni A potential Celastraceae.
Ficus F. bolcensis Pesciara-Monte Postale A fig.
F. coelestis
F. poniana
F. psichotrioides
F. veronensis
Fracastoria F. anguria Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Sterculioideae, based on fruits.
F. citriformis
F. citrullus
F. clavaeformis
F. cucurbitina
F. gastrioides
F. gigantea
F. lagenaria
F. megapepo
F. melo
F. pomiformis
F. pyramidalis
F. pyriformis
F. rotunda
F. zignoana
Gautiera G. trichoides Pesciara-Monte Postale A wintergreen.
Getonia G. bolcensis Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential relative of ukshi.
G. potentilloides
Glossophium G. eocenum Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent riverweed.
G. proliferum
Grewia G. coccolobaefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Tiliaceae.
Guajacites G. berengerii Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Zygophyllaceae.
G. enervis
G. heeri
Hesperidophyllum H. citroides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Rutaceae.
H. ettingshauseni
H. scalpellum
Jacaranda J. italica Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent jacaranda.
J. speciosa
Juglans ?J. costata Vegroni A potential walnut.
J. elaenoides Vegroni
J. ossilii Pesciara-Monte Postale
J. sapindacea
Koelreuteria K. corcorifolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Koelreuteria.
K. maffejana
Leguminosites L. phaseolus Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume.
Leptomeria L. distans Pesciara-Monte Postale A mistletoe.
L. gracilis
L. psilotina
Maffeia M. ceratophylloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential riverweed.
Malpighiastrum M. ambiguum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Malpighiaceae.
M. dehaasioides
M. hyraeaeoides
Manglesia M. synaphaeaefolia Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent grevillea.
Melianthus M. craccorum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential honey flower.
Myrica M. zig-zag Pesciara-Monte Postale A bayberry.
Myrtomiophyton M. stephanophorus Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Myrtaceae.
?Nandina ?N. consolatii Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential relative of nandina.
Nymphaea N. arethusae Pesciara-Monte Postale A waterlily.
N. cherpica
Omalanthus O. hekastophylloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Euphorbiaceae.
Palaeolobium P. alnifolium Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume.
P. brennonicum
P. buteaefolium
P. cedrelaefolium
P. ficifolium
P. morindaefolium
P. nervosum
"Peltophyllum" P. nelumbioides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Cabombaceae.
Phyllanthus P. ceanothoides Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Phyllanthaceae.
P. populinus
Pongamia P. protogaea Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential relative of the Indian beech.
Protea P. glossa Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent sugarbush.
Pterocarpus P. lestrigonum Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume.
P. targionii
Pterospermum P. malpighiaceum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential "Byttneriaceae".
Quercus Q. vegronia Vegroni An oak.
Santalum S. memecyloides Pesciara-Monte Postale A sandalwood.
Sapindus S. goeppertianus Pesciara-Monte Postale A soapberry.
S. pristinus
S. scytinophyllus
Sapotacites S. oleaefolius Pesciara-Monte Postale A sapotacean.
Sarothrostachys S. eocenica Pesciara-Monte Postale A euphorbiacean.
Sophora S. capparifolia Pesciara-Monte Postale A legume.
Sterculia S. majae Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential tropical chestnut.
S. prisca
Terminalia T. perseaefolia Vegroni A potential Combretaceae.
Trapophyllum T. europaeum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential relative of water caltrops.
Tympanophora T. bracteosa Pesciara-Monte Postale An apparent riverweed.
T. discophora
T. turbinata
Vaccinium V. convolvulinum Pesciara-Monte Postale A blueberry.
Villarsites V. ungeri Pesciara-Monte Postale A gentian.
Weinmannia W. ausoniae Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Cunoniaceae.
W. elaphriifolia
W. fagaraefolia
W. incerta
Zanthoxylum Z. ambiguum Pesciara-Monte Postale A potential Rutaceae.
Z. cherpicum

Incertae sedis

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Agnophyton A. aristatum Pesciara-Monte Postale Plant of uncertain affinities.
Antholites A. ligula Pesciara-Monte Postale Plant of uncertain affinities.
A. liliacea
A. nymphoides
Carpolithes C. binucularis Pesciara-Monte Postale Fruit of uncertain affinities.
C. carandioides
C. chamaeropsis Vegroni
C. lacunosus Pesciara-Monte Postale
C. longipes
C. micropepo
C. orbis
C. subtriangularis
C. vegronum Vegroni

Chromista

Genus Species Presence Notes Images
Dictyotites D. aspergillum Pesciara-Monte Postale A brown alga.
D. menegazzianus
D. radiatus
D. rigidus
D. stipitatus
Laminarites L. irideaephyllus A brown alga.
L. lamourouxii
L. macrophyllus
L. scolopendra
L. vestenae
Pasinia ?P. ambigua A brown alga.
P. elliptica
P. incurva
P. ovalis
P. pyriformis
P. rotundata
Postelsiopsis P. caput-medusae A kelp similar in form to the sea palm.[45]
Zonarites Z. chlorophlegma A brown alga.
Z. flagellaris
Z. fuliginosus

References

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