List of 2000 Summer Olympics medal winners
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The 2000 Summer Olympics were held in Sydney, Australia, from 15 September to 1 October 2000. 10,651 athletes from 199 National Olympic Committees (NOC) countries participated. The competition was made up of 300 events in 28 sports were held; 165 events were opened to men, 127 were opened to women and 10 were mixed events.
| Contents | ||
| Leading medal winners Notes References Bibliography | ||
Archery
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's individual |
Simon Fairweather |
Vic Wunderle |
Wietse van Alten |
| Men's team |
Jang Yong-Ho Kim Chung-tae Oh Kyo-Moon |
Matteo Bisiani Ilario Di Buò Michele Frangilli |
Butch Johnson Rod White Vic Wunderle |
| Women's individual |
Yun Mi-Jin |
Kim Nam-Soon |
Kim Soo-Nyung |
| Women's team |
Kim Nam-Soon Kim Soo-Nyung Yun Mi-Jin |
Nataliya Burdeyna Olena Sadovnycha Kateryna Serdyuk |
Barbara Mensing Cornelia Pfohl Sandra Wagner-Sachse |
Athletics
Track
Men's events
Women's events
Road
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's 20 kilometres walk |
Robert Korzeniowski |
Noé Hernández Valentin |
Vladimir Andreyev |
| Men's 50 kilometres walk |
Robert Korzeniowski |
Aigars Fadejevs |
Joel Sánchez Guerrero |
| Men's marathon |
Gezahgne Abera |
Erick Wainaina |
Tesfaye Tola |
| Women's 20 kilometres walk |
Liping Wang |
Kjersti Plätzer |
María Vasco |
| Women's marathon |
Naoko Takahashi |
Lidia Șimon |
Joyce Chepchumba |
Field
Men's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| high jump |
Sergey Klyugin |
Javier Sotomayor |
Abderrahmane Hammad |
| long jump |
Iván Pedroso |
Jai Taurima |
Roman Shchurenko |
| triple jump |
Jonathan Edwards |
Yoel García |
Denis Kapustin |
| pole vault |
Nick Hysong |
Lawrence Johnson |
Maksim Tarasov |
| shot put |
Arsi Harju |
Adam Nelson |
John Godina |
| discus throw |
Virgilijus Alekna |
Lars Riedel |
Frantz Kruger |
| javelin throw |
Jan Železný |
Steve Backley |
Sergey Makarov |
| hammer throw |
Szymon Ziółkowski |
Nicola Vizzoni |
Igor Astapkovich |
| decathlon |
Erki Nool |
Roman Šebrle |
Chris Huffins |
Women's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| high jump |
Yelena Yelesina |
Hestrie Cloete |
Kajsa Bergqvist |
| Oana Pantelimon | |||
| long jump |
Heike Drechsler |
Fiona May |
Tatyana Kotova |
| triple jump |
Tereza Marinova |
Tatyana Lebedeva |
Olena Hovorova |
| pole vault |
Stacy Dragila |
Tatiana Grigorieva |
Vala Flosadóttir |
| shot put |
Yanina Karolchik |
Larisa Peleshenko |
Astrid Kumbernuss |
| discus throw |
Ellina Zvereva |
Anastasía Kelesídou |
Iryna Yatchenko |
| javelin throw |
Trine Hattestad |
Mirela Manjani-Tzelili |
Osleidys Menéndez |
| hammer throw |
Kamila Skolimowska |
Olga Kuzenkova |
Kirsten Münchow |
| heptathlon |
Denise Lewis |
Yelena Prokhorova |
Natallia Sazanovich |
* Athletes who participated in the heats only and received medals.
Badminton
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Ji Xinpeng |
Hendrawan |
Xia Xuanze |
| Women's singles |
Gong Zhichao |
Camilla Martin |
Ye Zhaoying |
| Men's doubles |
Tony Gunawan Candra Wijaya |
Lee Dong-soo Yoo Yong-sung |
Ha Tae-Kwon Kim Dong Moon |
| Women's doubles |
Ge Fei Gu Jun |
Huang Nanyan Yang Wei |
Qin Yiyuan Gao Ling |
| Mixed doubles |
Zhang Jun Gao Ling |
Tri Kusharyanto Minarti Timur |
Simon Archer Joanne Goode |
Baseball
Basketball
Boxing
Canoeing
Slalom
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's slalom C-1 |
Tony Estanguet |
Michal Martikán |
Juraj Minčík |
| Men's slalom C-2 |
Pavol Hochschorner Peter Hochschorner |
Krzysztof Kołomański Michał Staniszewski |
Marek Jiras Tomáš Máder |
| Men's slalom K-1 |
Thomas Schmidt |
Paul Ratcliffe |
Pierpaolo Ferrazzi |
| Women's slalom K-1 |
Štěpánka Hilgertová |
Brigitte Guibal |
Anne-Lise Bardet |
Sprint
Cycling
Road
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's road race |
Jan Ullrich |
Alexander Vinokourov |
Andreas Klöden |
| Men's time trial |
Viatcheslav Ekimov |
Jan Ullrich |
Vacant |
| Women's road race |
Leontien Zijlaard |
Hanka Kupfernagel |
Diana Žiliūtė |
| Women's time trial |
Leontien Zijlaard |
Mari Holden |
Jeannie Longo-Ciprelli |
Track
Mountain bike (MTB)
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's cross-country |
Miguel Martinez |
Filip Meirhaeghe |
Christoph Sauser |
| Women's cross-country |
Paola Pezzo |
Barbara Blatter |
Margarita Fullana |
Diving
Men's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 m springboard |
Xiong Ni |
Fernando Platas |
Dmitri Sautin |
| 10 m platform |
Tian Liang |
Hu Jia |
Dmitri Sautin |
| Synchronized 3 m springboard |
Xiong Ni Xiao Hailiang |
Dmitri Sautin Alexandre Dobroskok |
Robert Newbery Dean Pullar |
| Synchronized 10 m platform |
Dmitri Sautin Igor Lukashin |
Hu Jia Tian Liang |
Jan Hempel Heiko Meyer |
Women's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 m springboard |
Fu Mingxia |
Guo Jingjing |
Dörte Lindner |
| 10 m platform |
Laura Wilkinson |
Li Na |
Anne Montminy |
| Synchronized 3 m springboard |
Vera Ilina Ioulia Pakhalina |
Fu Mingxia Guo Jingjing |
Ganna Sorokina Olena Zhupina |
| Synchronized 10 m platform |
Li Na Sang Xue |
Émilie Heymans Anne Montminy |
Rebecca Gilmore Loudy Tourky |
Equestrian
Fencing
Field hockey
Football
Gymnastics
Artistic
Men's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| individual all-around |
Alexei Nemov |
Yang Wei |
Oleksandr Beresch |
| team all-around |
Yang Wei Zheng Lihui Li Xiaopeng Xing Aowei Huang Xu Xiao Junfeng |
Oleksandr Beresch Olexander Svitlichni Roman Zozulya Valery Goncharov Valery Pereshkura Ruslan Mezentsev |
Alexei Nemov Maxim Aleshin Alexei Bondarenko Nikolai Kryukov Yevgeni Podgorny Dmitri Drevin |
| floor exercise |
Igors Vihrovs |
Alexei Nemov |
Yordan Yovchev |
| horizontal bar |
Alexei Nemov |
Benjamin Varonian |
Lee Joo-hyung |
| parallel bars |
Li Xiaopeng |
Lee Joo-Hyung |
Alexei Nemov |
| pommel horse |
Marius Urzică |
Eric Poujade |
Alexei Nemov |
| rings |
Szilveszter Csollány |
Dimosthenis Tampakos |
Yordan Yovchev |
| vault |
Gervasio Deferr |
Alexei Bondarenko |
Leszek Blanik |
Women's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| individual all-around |
Simona Amânar |
Maria Olaru |
Liu Xuan |
| team all-around |
Simona Amânar Loredana Boboc Andreea Isărescu Maria Olaru Claudia Presăcan Andreea Răducan |
Yekaterina Lobaznyuk Svetlana Khorkina Anastasiya Kolesnikova Elena Produnova Anna Chepeleva Elena Zamolodchikova |
Amy Chow Jamie Dantzscher Dominique Dawes Kristin Maloney Elise Ray Tasha Schwikert |
| balance beam |
Liu Xuan |
Yekaterina Lobaznyuk |
Elena Produnova |
| floor exercise |
Elena Zamolodchikova |
Svetlana Khorkina |
Simona Amânar |
| uneven bars |
Svetlana Khorkina |
Ling Jie |
Yang Yun |
| vault |
Elena Zamolodchikova |
Andreea Răducan |
Yekaterina Lobaznyuk |
Rhythmic
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| individual all-around |
Yulia Barsukova |
Yulia Raskina |
Alina Kabaeva |
| team all-around |
Irina Belova Yelena Chalamova Natalia Lavrova Mariya Netesova Vyera Shimanskaya Irina Zilber |
Tatyana Ananko Tatyana Belan Anna Glazkova Irina Ilyenkova Maria Lazuk Olga Puzhevich |
Eirini Aindili Evangelia Christodoulou Maria Georgatou Zacharoula Karyami Charikleia Pantazi Anna Pollatou |
Trampoline
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's |
Alexander Moskalenko |
Ji Wallace |
Mathieu Turgeon |
| Women's |
Irina Karavaeva |
Oxana Tsyhuleva |
Karen Cockburn |
Handball
Judo
Men's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Extra lightweight (−60 kg) |
Tadahiro Nomura |
Jung Bu-Kyung |
Manolo Poulot |
| Aidyn Smagulov | |||
| Half lightweight (−66 kg) |
Hüseyin Özkan |
Larbi Benboudaoud |
Girolamo Giovinazzo |
| Giorgi Vazagashvili | |||
| Lightweight (−73 kg) |
Giuseppe Maddaloni |
Tiago Camilo |
Anatoly Laryukov |
| Vsevolods Zeļonijs | |||
| Half middleweight (−81 kg) |
Makoto Takimoto |
Cho In-Chul |
Nuno Delgado |
| Aleksei Budõlin | |||
| Middleweight (−90 kg) |
Mark Huizinga |
Carlos Honorato |
Frédéric Demontfaucon |
| Ruslan Mashurenko | |||
| Half heavyweight (−100 kg) |
Kosei Inoue |
Nicolas Gill |
Yuri Stepkine |
| Stéphane Traineau | |||
| Heavyweight (+100 kg) |
David Douillet |
Shinichi Shinohara |
Indrek Pertelson |
| Tamerlan Tmenov |
Women's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Extra lightweight (−48 kg) |
Ryoko Tamura |
Lioubov Brouletova |
Anna-Maria Gradante |
| Ann Simons | |||
| Half lightweight (−52 kg) |
Legna Verdecia |
Noriko Narazaki |
Kye Sun-Hi |
| Liu Yuxiang | |||
| Lightweight (−57 kg) |
Isabel Fernández |
Driulis González |
Kie Kusakabe |
| Maria Pekli | |||
| Half middleweight (−63 kg) |
Séverine Vandenhende |
Li Shufang |
Gella Vandecaveye |
| Jung Sung-Sook | |||
| Middleweight (−70 kg) |
Sibelis Veranes |
Kate Howey |
Cho Min-Sun |
| Ylenia Scapin | |||
| Half heavyweight (−78 kg) |
Tang Lin |
Céline Lebrun |
Simona Richter |
| Emanuela Pierantozzi | |||
| Heavyweight (+78 kg) |
Yuan Hua |
Daima Beltrán |
Kim Seon-Young |
| Mayumi Yamashita |
Modern pentathlon
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's |
Dmitri Svatkovsky |
Gábor Balogh |
Pavel Dovgal |
| Women's |
Stephanie Cook |
Emily de Riel |
Kate Allenby |
Rowing
Men's events
Women's events
Sailing
Shooting
Men's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| air pistol |
Franck Dumoulin |
Wang Yifu |
Igor Basinski |
| air rifle |
Cai Yalin |
Artem Khadjibekov |
Yevgeni Aleinikov |
| rifle prone |
Jonas Edman |
Torben Grimmel |
Sergei Martynov |
| rifle three positions |
Rajmond Debevec |
Juha Hirvi |
Harald Stenvaag |
| pistol |
Tanyu Kiryakov |
Igor Basinski |
Martin Tenk |
| rapid fire pistol |
Sergei Alifirenko |
Michel Ansermet |
Iulian Raicea |
| Trap |
Michael Diamond |
Ian Peel |
Giovanni Pellielo |
| Double trap |
Richard Faulds |
Russell Mark |
Fehaid Al Deehani |
| Skeet |
Mykola Milchev |
Petr Málek |
James Graves |
| running target |
Yang Ling |
Oleg Moldovan |
Niu Zhiyuan |
Women's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| air rifle |
Nancy Johnson |
Kang Cho-hyun |
Gao Jing |
| air pistol |
Tao Luna |
Jasna Šekarić |
Annemarie Forder |
| pistol |
Mariya Grozdeva |
Tao Luna |
Lalita Yauhleuskaya |
| rifle three positions |
Renata Mauer |
Tatiana Goldobina |
Maria Feklistova |
| Trap |
Daina Gudzinevičiūtė |
Delphine Racinet |
Gao E |
| Double trap |
Pia Hansen |
Deborah Gelisio |
Kim Rhode |
| Skeet |
Zemfira Meftahatdinova |
Svetlana Demina |
Diána Igaly |
Softball
Swimming
Men's events
Women's
* Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.
Synchronized swimming
Table tennis
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Kong Linghui |
Jan-Ove Waldner |
Liu Guoliang |
| Women's singles |
Wang Nan |
Ju Li |
Chen Jing |
| Men's doubles |
Wang Liqin Sen Yan |
Liu Guoliang Kong Linghui |
Jean-Philippe Gatien Patrick Chila |
| Women's doubles |
Ju Li Wang Nan |
Sun Jin Yang Ying |
Kim Moo-Kyo Ryu Ji-Hae |
Taekwondo
Men’s events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flyweight (−58 kg) |
Michail Mouroutsos |
Gabriel Esparza |
Huang Chih-hsiung |
| Lightweight (−68 kg) |
Steven López |
Sin Joon-Sik |
Hadi Saei |
| Middleweight (−80 kg) |
Ángel Matos |
Faissal Ebnoutalib |
Víctor Estrada |
| Heavyweight (+80 kg) |
Kim Kyong-Hun |
Daniel Trenton |
Pascal Gentil |
Women’s events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flyweight (−49 kg) |
Lauren Burns |
Urbia Melendez |
Chi Shu-Ju |
| Lightweight (−57 kg) |
Jung Jae-Eun |
Tran Hieu Ngan |
Hamide Bıkçın Tosun |
| Middleweight (−67 kg) |
Lee Sun-Hee |
Trude Gundersen |
Yoriko Okamoto |
| Heavyweight (+67 kg) |
Chen Zhong |
Natalia Ivanova |
Dominique Bosshart |
Tennis
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's singles |
Yevgeny Kafelnikov |
Tommy Haas |
Arnaud Di Pasquale |
| Women's singles |
Venus Williams |
Elena Dementieva |
Monica Seles |
| Men's doubles |
Sébastien Lareau Daniel Nestor |
Todd Woodbridge Mark Woodforde |
Àlex Corretja Albert Costa |
| Women's doubles |
Serena Williams Venus Williams |
Kristie Boogert Miriam Oremans |
Els Callens Dominique Van Roost |
Triathlon
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's |
Simon Whitfield |
Stephan Vuckovic |
Jan Řehula |
| Women's |
Brigitte McMahon |
Michellie Jones |
Magali Messmer |
Volleyball
Beach
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men's team |
Dain Blanton Eric Fonoimoana |
Zé Marco de Melo Ricardo Santos |
Axel Hager Jörg Ahmann |
| Women's team |
Natalie Cook Kerri Ann Pottharst |
Adriana Behar Shelda Bede |
Adriana Samuel Sandra Pires |
Indoor
Water polo
Weightlifting
Men's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bantamweight (−56 kg) |
Halil Mutlu |
Wu Wenxiong[nb 6] |
Zhang Xiangxiang |
| Featherweight (−62 kg) |
Nikolaj Pešalov |
Leonidas Sampanis |
Gennady Oleshchuk[nb 7] |
| Lightweight (−69 kg) |
Galabin Boevski |
Georgi Markov |
Sergey Lavrenov |
| Middleweight (−77 kg) |
Zhan Xugang |
Viktor Mitrou |
Arsen Melikyan |
| Light heavyweight (−85 kg) |
Pyrros Dimas |
Marc Huster |
George Asanidze |
| Middle heavyweight (−94 kg) |
Akakios Kakiasvilis |
Szymon Kołecki |
Aleksei Petrov |
| Heavyweight (−105 kg) |
Hossein Tavakkoli |
Alan Tsagaev |
Said Saif Asaad |
| Super Heavyweight (+105 kg) |
Hossein Rezazadeh |
Ronny Weller |
Andrei Chemerkin[nb 8] |
Women's events
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flyweight (−48 kg) |
Tara Nott[nb 5] |
Raema Lisa Rumbewas |
Sri Indriyani |
| Featherweight (−53 kg) |
Yang Xia |
Li Feng-ying |
Winarni Binti Slamet |
| Lightweight (−58 kg) |
Soraya Jiménez Mendivil |
Ri Song Hui |
Khassaraporn Suta |
| Middleweight (−63 kg) |
Chen Xiaomin |
Valentina Popova |
Ioanna Khatziioannou |
| Light heavyweight (−69 kg) |
Lin Weining |
Erzsébet Márkus |
Karnam Malleswari |
| Heavyweight (− 75 kg) |
María Isabel Urrutia |
Ruth Ogbeifo |
Kuo Yi-hang |
| Super heavyweight (+75 kg) |
Ding Meiyuan |
Agata Wróbel |
Cheryl Haworth |
Wrestling
Freestyle
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flyweight (−54 kg) |
Namig Abdullayev |
Sammie Henson |
Amiran Kardanov |
| Bantamweight (−58 kg) |
Alireza Dabir |
Yevgen Buslovych |
Terry Brands |
| Featherweight (−63 kg) |
Mourad Oumakhanov |
Serafim Barzakov |
Jang Jae-Sung |
| Lightweight (−69 kg) |
Daniel Igali |
Arsen Gitinov |
Lincoln McIlravy |
| Welterweight (−76 kg) |
Brandon Slay |
Moon Eui-Jae |
Adem Bereket |
| Middleweight (−85 kg) |
Adam Saitiev |
Yoel Romero |
Magomed Ibragimov |
| Heavyweight (−97 kg) |
Sagid Murtazaliev |
Islam Bairamukov |
Eldar Kurtanidze |
| Super heavyweight (−130 kg) |
David Musulbes |
Artur Taymazov |
Alexis Rodríguez |
Greco-Roman
| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flyweight (−54 kg) |
Sim Kwon-Ho |
Lázaro Rivas |
Kang Yong-Gyun |
| Bantamweight (−58 kg) |
Armen Nazaryan |
Kim In-Sub |
Sheng Zetian |
| Featherweight (−63 kg) |
Varteres Samurgashev |
Juan Marén |
Akaki Chachua |
| Lightweight (−69 kg) |
Filiberto Azcuy |
Katsuhiko Nagata |
Aleksey Glushkov |
| Welterweight (−76 kg) |
Murat Kardanov |
Matt Lindland |
Marko Yli-Hannuksela |
| Middleweight (−85 kg) |
Hamza Yerlikaya |
Sándor Bárdosi |
Mukhran Vakhtangadze |
| Heavyweight (−97 kg) |
Mikael Ljungberg |
Davyd Saldadze |
Garrett Lowney |
| Super heavyweight (−130 kg) |
Rulon Gardner |
Aleksandr Karelin |
Dmitry Debelka |
Leading medal winners
23 competitors won at least three gold medals or three total medals.[1][2]
| Athlete | Nation | Sport | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ian Thorpe | Swimming | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | |
| Inge de Bruijn | Swimming | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | |
| Leontien Zijlaard | Cycling | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 | |
| Jenny Thompson | Swimming | 3 | 0 | 1 | 4 | |
| Lenny Krayzelburg | Swimming | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | |
| Michael Klim | Swimming | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | |
| Alexei Nemov | Gymnastics | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 | |
| Gary Hall Jr. | Swimming | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 | |
| Yana Klochkova | Swimming | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | |
| Florian Rousseau | Cycling | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | |
| Elena Zamolodchikova | Gymnastics | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 | |
| Dara Torres | Swimming | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 | |
| Pieter van den Hoogenband | Swimming | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | |
| Simona Amânar | Gymnastics | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 | |
| Susie O'Neill | Swimming | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | |
| Svetlana Khorkina | Gymnastics | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | |
| Dmitry Sautin | Diving | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | |
| Massimiliano Rosolino | Swimming | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| Liu Xuan | Gymnastics | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | |
| Therese Alshammar | Swimming | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| Yekaterina Lobaznyuk | Gymnastics | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| Petria Thomas | Swimming | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| Matt Welsh | Swimming | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
See also
References
- ^ "2000 Sydney Summer Games". Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
- ^ "Leading Medal Winners". InfoPlease. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
External links
- "Sydney 2000". Olympics.com. International Olympic Committee.
Bibliography
- Miller, David (2003). Athens to Athens: The Official History of the Olympic Games and the IOC, 1894–2004. Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 1-84018-587-2.
- The Olympic Games: Athens 1894 – Athens 2004. Dorling Kindersley. 2004 [First published 1996]. ISBN 0-7566-0400-1.
- Wallechinsky, David; Loucky, Jaime (2008). The Complete Book of the Olympics. Aurum Press. ISBN 9781845133306.
- Official report of the XXVII Olympiad: Results (PDF). Vol. 3. Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. 2000. ISBN 0-9579616-1-8. Archived from the original on 18 September 2002. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
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