Mandobo language
| Mandobo | |
|---|---|
| Dumut | |
| Kaeti | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Boven Digoel Regency and Merauke Regency, South Papua |
Native speakers | 30,000 (2002)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:bwp – Mandobo Bawahaax – Mandobo Atas |
| Glottolog | mand1473 |
Mandobo, or Kaeti, is a Papuan language of Mandobo District in Boven Digoel Regency and Ulilin District in Merauke Regency, South Papua, Indonesia.
Varieties
Ethnologue distinguishes two languages:
- Mandobo Bawah, spoken on the Lower Mandobo River
- Mandobo Atas, spoken on the Upper Mandobo River
However, according to its speaker Mandobo is divided to at least three languages and four dialects.[2]
- Upper Mandobo (Mountain Wambon) [aax]
- Kokenop/Kohonope
- Agayop
- Central Mandobo (Coastal Wambon)
- Ulugela/Lugerah/Iwammup/Kenerame
- Lower Mandobo (Lower Wambon) [bwp]
- Tekamerop/Thegamonok
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | y | u | |
| Mid | e | o | ||
| Open | a | |||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Dorsal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k |
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | |
| Nasal | m | n | ||
| Rhotic | ɾ | |||
| Approximant | w | j | ||
Evolution
Below are some Kaeti reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012), drawn from McElhanon and Voorhoeve (1970).[4][5]
| proto-Trans-New Guinea | Kaeti |
|---|---|
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek’ | (a)moka (cf. Axu moxo pe) |
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | (Axu mügo ‘egg’) |
| *amu ‘breast’ | am |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ | koman |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kün (cf. Sawuy xom-, Wambon N. & Wambon S. kim-) |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek, jaw’ | (a)moka ‘cheek’ |
| *na ‘1SG’ | nø(p) |
| *ni, *nu ‘1PL free pron.’ | no-güp |
| *na- ‘eat’ | (Wambon en-) |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck, nape’ | koman |
| *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | betit |
| *imbi ‘name’ | üp |
| *apa[pa]ta ‘butterfly’ | apap |
| *k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot, leg’ | kodok |
| *andu- ‘to cook’ | odu |
| *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ | betit |
| *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (?) kerop |
| *(mb,p)ututu- ‘to fly’ | (?) bere(na) |
| *kumut, *tumuk ‘thunder’ | komöt |
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
| *ŋga ‘2SG’ | gu |
| *maŋgat[a] ‘teeth, mouth’ | magot |
| *maŋgV ‘compact round object’ | (Axu mügo ‘egg’) |
| *ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | kere(top) |
| *k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot, leg’ | kodok |
| *ka(nd,t)apu ‘skin’ | kotae |
| *kumbutu ‘wind’ | kiow |
| *kin(i,u)- ‘sleep’ | kinum |
| *kumV- ‘die’ | kün |
| *k(o,u)ma(n,ŋ)[V] ‘neck’ | koman |
| *kuya ‘cassowary’ | (Sawuy kuye) |
| *kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | (?) xebia(an) |
| *mVkVm ‘cheek’ | (a)moka (cf. Axu moxo pe) |
| *kutV(mb,p)(a,u)[C] ‘long’ | (?) guru(op) |
| *ok[V] ‘water’ | ok |
| *k(a,o)ndok[V] ‘foot’ | kodok |
Further reading
- Jang, Hong-Tae. 2003. Survey report on languages of southeastern foothills in Papua Merauke Regency of Papua, Indonesia. Manuscript.
- Lebold, Randy, Ronald Kriens and Yunita Susanto. 2013. A Report on the Bamgi, Kia, and Lower Digul River Language Survey in Papua, Indonesia. SIL International.
References
- ^ Mandobo Bawah at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Mandobo Atas at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Gusmao, Fernando H. (2024). KERAGAMAN BAHASA MANDOBO DI PAPUA SELATAN: KAJIAN RAGAM BAHASA DAN KESALINGMENGERTIAN. Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan Atma Jaya ke-22. Unika Atma Jaya. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
- ^ Voorhoeve, C. L. (2001). Proto-Awyu-Dumut phonology II. In Andrew Pawley and Malcolm Ross and Darrell Tryon (eds.), The Boy from Bundaberg: Studies in Melanesian Linguistics in Honor of Tom Dutton: Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 361–381.
- ^ Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164. hdl:1885/38602. ISSN 0023-1959.
- ^ McElhanon, Kenneth A. AND C.L. Voorhoeve. 1970. The Trans–New Guinea Phylum: explorations in deep-level genetic relationships. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.