Kubachi language

Kubachi
Kubachi
Kubachin
гӀюгъбугъан куб/гъай
Pronunciation	[ʡūˁʁbugan kub/ʁaj]
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	Dagestan
Native speakers	7,000 (2020)
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Dargin Southern Ashti-Kubachi Kubachi; ; ; ;
Writing system	Cyrillic script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ugh
Glottolog	kuba1248
	Kubachi

Kubachi (alternatively Kubachin) is a language in the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia, by Kubachi people.^[3] It is often considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa, but it has also historically been portrayed as a separate language. Ethnologue lists it as a separate language.^[2]

Phonology

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Kubachi
	Front			Back
		plain	phar.	plain	phar.
close	short			[u] у u	[uˤ] уӏ ü
close	long			[uː] уу uu	[uˤː] ууӏ üü
near-close	short	[ɪ] и i	[ɪˤ] иӏ ï
near-close	long	[ɪː] ии ii	[ɪˤː] ииӏ ïï
open-mid	short	[ɛ] е e	[ɛˤ] еӏ ë
open-mid	long	[ɛː] ee ee	[ɛˤː] eeӏ ëë
open	short			[ɑ] а a	[ɑˤ] аӏ ä
open	long			[ɑː] aa aa	[ɑˤː] aaӏ ää

Consonants

The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by both sources.

Consonant phonemes of Kubachi
		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
		Bilabial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	plain	labialized	plain	labialized	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		[m] м m	[n] н n
Plosive	voiced	[b] б b	[d] д d			[g] г g	[gʷ] гв gw			[ʡ] гӏ ÿ	[ʔ] ъ y
	aspirated	[pʰ] п p	[tʰ] т t			[kʰ] к k	[kʷʰ] кв kw	[qʰ] къ q	[qʷʰ] къв qw
	fortis	[pː] пп pp	[tː] тт tt			[kː] кк kk	[kʷː] ккв kkw	[qː] ккъ qq	[qʷː] ккъв qqw
	ejective	[pʼ] пӏ pʼ	[tʼ] тӏ tʼ			[kʼ] кӏ kʼ	[kʷʼ] кӏв kʼw	[qʼ] кь qʼ	[qʷʼ] кьв qʼw
Affricate	aspirated		[t͡sʰ] ц c	[t͡ʃʰ] ч ç				[q͡χʰ] хъ qx	[q͡χʷʰ] хъв qxw
	fortis		[t͡sː] цц cc	[t͡ʃː] чч çç
	ejective		[t͡sʼ] цӏ cʼ	[t͡ʃʼ] чӏ çʼ
Fricative	voiced		[z] з z	[ʒ] ж ẑ				[ʁ] гъ ĝ	[ʁʷ] гъв ĝw	[ħ] хӏ ħ	[h] гь h
	plain		[s] с s	[ʃ] ш ş		[x] хь ĵ	[xʷ] хьв ĵw	[χ] х x	[χʷ] хв xw
	fortis		[sː] сс ss	[ʃː] шш şş		[xː] ххь ĵĵ	[xʷː] ххьв ĵĵw	[χː] хх xx	[χʷː] ххв xxw
Trill				[r] р r
Approximant		[w] в v	[l] л l		[j] й j

The original Dargwic phoneme [r] in Kubachi has become [j] or disappeared, lengthening the neighboring vowel.^[4]

Alphabet

A page from the book "МаджмугI", the only Kubachi-language book to be published before the Russian Revolution, written in the Arabic script, published in 1913.

А а /ɑ/	Б б /b/	В в /w/	Г г /g/	Гъ гъ /ʁ/	Гь гь /ɦ/	Д д /d/	Е е /e/;/je/	Ё ё /jɔ/	Ж ж /ʒ/
З з /z/	И и /i/	Й й /j/	К к /k/	Кк кк /kː/	Къ къ /qʰ/	Кь кь /qʼ/	Кӏ кӏ /kʼ/	Л л /l/	М м /m/
Н н /n/	О о /n/	П п /pʰ/	Пп пп /pː/	Пӏ пӏ /pʼ/	Р р /r/	С с /s/	Сс сс /sː/	Т т /t/	Тт тт /tː/
Тӏ тӏ /tʼ/	У у /u/	Ф ф /f/	Х х /χ/	Хх хх /χː/	Хъ хъ /qʰ/	Хь хь /x/	Хьхь хьхь /xː/	Хӏ хӏ /ʜ/;/ħ/	Ц ц /ts/
Цц цц /tsː/	Цӏ цӏ /tsʼ/	Ч ч /tʃ/	Чч чч /tʃː/	Чӏ чӏ /tʃʼ/	Ш ш /ʃ/	Шш шш /ʃː/	Ъ ъ /ʔ/	Э э /e/	Ю ю /ju/
Я я /ja/, /jə/

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Коряков, Юрий (2021). "Даргинские языки и их классификация" [Dargwa languages and their classification]. In Майсак, Т. А.; Сумбатова, Н. Р.; Тестелец, Я. Г. (eds.). Дурхъаси Хазна. Сборник Статей К 60-Летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова (in Russian). Буки Веди. pp. 139–154. ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.
^ ^a ^b Kubachi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-136-14274-1.
^ "Languages". DOBES. Retrieved 2024-10-12.

External links

Kubachins on everyculture.com

[:0-1] Коряков, Юрий (2021). "Даргинские языки и их классификация" [Dargwa languages and their classification]. In Майсак, Т. А.; Сумбатова, Н. Р.; Тестелец, Я. Г. (eds.). Дурхъаси Хазна. Сборник Статей К 60-Летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки Веди Дурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова (in Russian). Буки Веди. pp. 139–154. ISBN 978-5-6045633-5-9.

[e25-2] Kubachi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

[3] Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN 978-1-136-14274-1.

[4] "Languages". DOBES. Retrieved 2024-10-12.

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